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Hegemann and Nagel showed blue light could open a channel in a protein from green algae. Deisseroth later used the related gene to create a light-controlled switch in living mice’s nerve cells. Optogenetics remains mainly a research tool, not a routine human treatment.

The defending champion beat fellow Spaniard Jaume Munar in Tokyo. He won the next two sets 6–3 and 6–1 after returning from a right-wrist injury. It is his first Tour final since the Monte-Carlo Masters final on April 12.